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The breadth and scope of international marketing research along with the main additional complexities faced by the international marketing researcher

Breadth and scope of international marketing research:

A basic difference between domestic and international marketing research is the broader scope needed for foreign research. Research can be divided into three types based on information needs:

1. general information about the country area and or market
2. information necessary to forecast future marketing requirements by anticipating social, economic and consumer trends within specific markets or countries, and
3. Specific market information used to make product, promotion, distribution and price decisions and develop marketing plans.

In domestic operations, most emphasis is placed on the third type, gathering specific market information, because the other data are often available from secondary sources.

A country's political stability, cultural attributes and geographical characteristics are some of the kinds of information not ordinarily gathered by domestic company marketing research departments but which are required for a sound assessment of a foreign country market. This broader scope of international marketing research entails collecting and assessing information that includes the following:

1. Economic: general data on growth of the economy, inflation, business cycle trends and the like, profitability analysis for the division's products, specific industry economic studies, analysis of overseas economies and key economic indicators for the home country and foreign countries.
2. Sociological and political climate: a general non-economic review of conditions affecting the division's business. In addition to the more obvious subjects such as cultural differences, it also covers ecology, safety, leisure time and their potential impact on the division's business.
3. Overview of market conditions: a detailed analysis of market conditions the division faces, by market segment, including international.
4. Summary of the technological environment: a summary of the state-of-the-art technology as it relates to the division's business, carefully broken down by product segments.
5. Competitors: a review of competitors market shares, methods of market segmentation, products and apparent strategies on an international scale.(Samuel and Craig, 1997)

The marketing research process and the international dimension

1Topic and research problem

2.Research design and plan

3.Data collection and measurement

4.Data analysis and interpretation

5.presentation of the findings and report

Source : Ghauri & Cateora(2006)

Centralized vs. Decentralized Research

Centralized research is done when the researcher conducts research in two or more countries from the headquarters. Decentralized research is done when the researcher has the company office in each country conduct the research based on the guidelines from the headquarters(Kumar,2000)

Single-country Research

This type of research is done when there arises a need for organizations to conduct research in a single foreign country market(Kumar,2000)

Multi-country Research

Multi-country research, as the name indicates, involves research conducted in

more than one country market(Kumar,2000)

What are the main additional complexities faced by the International marketing Researcher?

Complexity of research Design:

Designing research for International marketing decisionsis more complex than where a single country is concerned. The conduct of Research in different countries implies that much greater attention is required to define the relevant unit and level of analysis that is, countries versus groups of countries or regions or national markets versus global market segments as well as the scope of the research. In addition the definition of the problem needs to be assessed and whether this is similar in structure and relevant parameters for example, whether products are the same across countries.   (Samuel and Craig, 1997)

While countries are convenient and the most commonly used units of analysis due to the existence of political and Organizational boundaries, as well as because much secondary data are available on a country-by-country basis, these may not be the most appropriate units from a marketing stand point     ( Douglas and Craig 1997)

The relevant respondent may differ country to country. Example: the role of women in financial and insurance decisions or traditional male purchases, such as automobiles may vary from country to country.

*Analysis can become yet more complex where attention is focused on the examination of similar subgroups and entries across countries.

Difficulties in establishing comparability and equivalence

• Considerable difficulties are likely to be encountered in establishing equivalence and comparability of research in different countries, both with secondary and primary data and with methods of data collection. For example: secondary data on motor vehicle registration may not provide equivalent data between companies.
• Similarly many of the concepts, measurement instruments and procedures for primary data collection have been developed and tested in the US and Western Europe. Their relevance and applicability in other countries are far from clear. Concern with equivalence and comparability as well as accuracy may be particularly critical where secondary data are collected from the internet. (Wind and Douglas,1982)
• Establishing the comparability of data administration procedures posses further difficulties. In one country certain method of data collection, for example: mail questionnaires, may be known  to have a given level of reliability, in another country, personal interview rather than mail questionnaire may have an equivalence level of reliability.

Complexity of Coordination of research and data collection across countries:

The conduct of research in the international environment adds considerably to the complexity of research design and data collection. The research instruments and data collection procedures also have to be harmonized. This can result in substantial difficulties and coordination problems. These can add considerably to research costs and also lead to considerable time delays (Samuel and Craig, 1997).

Complexity of Intra-functional character of international marketing decisions

There are some complexity are likely to be encountered in coordinating intra-functional research. For example: The accounting or finance department might want to focus on measures of profitability such as  cash flow and return on investment (ROI) while marketing and sales dept. are more concerned with market share and sales.

Complexity of Economics of International Investment & Marketing Decisions:

The lack of familiarity with foreign environments and with operations within these environments implies that much research, especially in the initial entry stages, should be viewed as an investment rather than a current expense (Samuel and Craig, 1997).

How International marketing different from Domestic Marketing? (PEST ANALYSIS)

The process of international marketing research though involves the same disciplines as domestic research, has some differences compared to its domestic version.

The major differences are

• • The national differences between countries arising out of political, legal, economic, social and cultural differences and,
• • The comparability of research results due to these differences.

National Differences

The main factors that affect the way in which people from different cultures behave are:

A Cultural Differences: Culture refers to widely shared norms or patterns of behaviour of a large group of people. It is defined as the values, attitudes, beliefs, artefacts and other meaningful symbols represented in the pattern of life adopted by people that help them interpret, evaluate and communicate as members of society. The need for greater cross cultural awareness is heightened in our global economies. Cross cultural differences in matters such as language, etiquette, non-verbal communication, norms and values can lead to cross cultural blunders as illustrated by the following marketing mix:

Product: A soft drink was introduced into Arab countries with an attractive label that had six-pointed stars on it. The Arabs interpreted this as pro-Israeli and refused to buy it. Another label was printed in ten languages, one of which was in Hebrew again the Arabs did not buy it (Payne, website).

Price: An American firm was trying to get an acceptable price for their product from a Japanese buyer. The Americans presented a very detailed presentation and offered what they felt was a reasonable price. After a few moments of silence, the Americans thought the Japanese were going to reject the offer so they lowered the price. There was more silence by the Japanese. The Americans then said they would lower their price one last time and that this was the lowest they could go. The Japanese accepted this offer after a brief silence. The Japanese later said the first price was within an acceptable range, but it was their custom to consider the proposal silently before giving their decision. The Americans lost a lot of profit by jumping the gun and believing that Japanese respond just like the Americans do(InternationalBusinessCommunication,(http://www.cba.uni.edu/buscomm/InternationalBusComm/blunders.htm).

Place: A well known drinks company tried to introduce a two litre drinks bottle into Spain, but found it hard to enter the market - they soon discovered this was because few Spaniards had fridge doors large enough to accommodate the large size bottle (Payne, website).

Promotion: When Pepsi co advertised Pepsi in Taiwan with the ad "Come Alive with Pepsi" they had no idea that it would be translated into Chinese as "Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the dead."

B. Racial Differences: This would refer to the differences in physical features of people in different countries. For example, the types of hair care and cosmetic products needed in U.S would differ from those needed in South East Asia.

C. Climatic Differences: This would include the meteorological conditions like degree of rain and temperature range in the targeted foreign market. For instance, Bosch-Siemens had to alter their washing machines with a minimum spin cycle of 1,000 rpm and a maximum of 1,600 rpm in Scandinavia, owing to irregular sunshine. In Italy and Spain, on the other hand, it is sufficient to have a spin cycle of 500 rpm as there is abundant sunshine (Stevens & Davis, 1997).

D. Economic Differences: The level of economic development in a market can affect the desired properties of a product and in this way can inspire a company to adapt its products in order to meet the needs of the local market. The level of economic progress in a market can be assessed by a series of indications:

The level of revenue and buying power of local consumers:

This will have an influence on the technical conception and marketing of exported products. In richer countries where the state of economic progress is more advanced, consumers generally having a higher purchasing power and tend to prefer purchase of more sophisticated products with advanced functions, while people in poorer markets would be interested in a simplified version of the product.

The state of infrastructure in the market:

The general level of the quality of infrastructure in the country consisting of elements such as transport, energy communication systems, etc. can affect how the product is constituted as it can bring about different conditions of use. For instance when car manufacturer Suzuki entered India, it had to reinforce the suspension or the "road clearance level" of the cars as the state of the roads were poor.

E. Religious Differences: Religion has many impacts on products, more particularly on the ingredients, that constitute them. For example, in Islamic countries, companies, exporting grocery products based on beef have to furnish a certificate declaring that the animals have been slaughtered respecting "Halal" methods. Alcoholic drinks are equally banned in Middle Eastern countries. Religious restrictions can therefore require product adaptation (Kumar, 2000).

F. Historical Differences: Historical differences help explain facts such as the playing of cricket in England, as opposed to game of boules in France. These differences have slowly evolved over time but have a profound effect on consumer behaviour. For example, drinking Scotch whiskey is considered prestigious and trendy in Italy, but old-fashioned and almost boring in Scotland (Kumar, 2000).

G. Language Differences: Language is an important aspect of international marketing research. Inappropriate use of language could result in loss of market apart from turning out to be a cross cultural gaffe. For instance, U.S. and British negotiators found themselves at a standstill when the American company proposed that they "table" particular key points. In the U.S. "Tabling a motion" means to not discuss it, while the same phrase in Great Britain means to "bring it to the table for discussion" (Ricks, 1999).

H. Differences in Actual and Potential Target Groups: In countries like England and

Germany it is possible to do national samples. Small towns and villages can be included because distances are not great. In Spain, interviews can be conducted only in cities with populations of over 100,000 people, as the cost of interviewing people in small towns and villages is prohibitively high (Kumar, 2000).

In addition, the international marketing researcher may also have to deal with other factors such as differences in the way that products or services are used, differences in the criteria for assessing products or services across various markets and differences in market research facilities and capabilities.

The negative aspects of standardization

Despite the benefits of standardization, there are a number of potential drawbacks associated with a standardization strategy. As Douglas and Wind (1987) pointed out, global marketing standardization is feasible only under certain conditions. These include the existence of a global market segment, potential synergies from standardization, and availability of a communication and distribution infrastructure to deliver the firms' offerings to target customers worldwide. One key drawback of a standardization approach is that it implies a product orientation, rather than a customer and competitor orientation (Douglas and Wind, 1987). A product orientation is myopic and pres byopic and is likely to lead to failure (Cateora, 1993; Laughlin et al., 1994). More importantly, cultural differences and competitor strategy are external factors related to standardization. Marketers must be aware of and sensitive to the diverse cultures in foreign countries to survive and prosper in international markets (Cateora, 1993; Ricks, 1983).

Personal Interviews: Tend to be the dominant mode of data collection outside the United States and Canada (Monk, 1987). Lower wage costs imply that personal procedures are cheaper than in the United States. In Latin countries, and particularly in the Middle East, interviewers are regarded with considerable suspicion. In Latin countries, where tax evasion is more prevalent, interviewers are often suspected of being tax inspectors. In the Middle East, where interviewers are invariably male, interviews with housewives often have to be conducted in the evenings when husbands are at home.

Mall Intercept Surveys are very popular in the United States and Canada, though not commonly used either in the European countries or in developing countries.

Telephone Interviews are not as advantageous in international marketing research as low levels of telephone ownership and poor communications in certain countries limit the coverage provided by telephone surveys. In countries such as India, which is predominantly rural, the telephone penetration is only 1 percent, and hence telephone surveys may not be the ideal method to adopt (Sopariwala, 1987). Even in relatively affluent societies such as Great Britain, telephone penetration is only 80 percent, and telephone interviewing is not widely used because many practitioners are still skeptical about it. In Britain and France, there are substantial declines in telephone response rates in large cities. The Eastern European countries and countries in the newly formed Commonwealth of Independent States have a poor telecommunication system. In such countries, conducting telephone surveys may not be a good idea.

Conclusion:

In the complex diverse and continually changing international environment International marketing research assume a vital role in helping management keep abreast and in touch with development in fluctuating in market throughout the world.

RFERENCES:

1)Craig CS and Douglas SP(1997) "The changing dynamic of consumer behaviour :implication for cross cultural research," international journal of research in marketing 14,379-395.

2)Cateora, P.R. (1993), "International Marketing," Irwin, Boston, MA.  Laughlin, J.L., Norvell, D.W. and Andrus, D.M. (1994), "Marketing presbyopia", Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 1-10.

3)Douglas, S.P. and Wind, Y. (1987), "The myth of globalization", Colombia Journal of World Business, Winter, pp. 19-29.

4).Ghauri and Cateora(2006),"International Marketing research", Edition 2nd McGraw-Hill.

5). Monk.M (1997)". Marketing research in Canada. European Research," (November), 271-274.

6). Kumar, V. (2000), "International marketing research." Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

7) Stevens, & Davis. (1997). Battle of the brands. Appliance, (February), B21
Visionary marketing, Lost in translation. Retrieved October 20, 2005, from

8). Sopariwala. (1987). India: Election polling in the world's largest democracy. European  Research (August), 174-177

9) Ricks, A. (1999)." Blunders in international business", 3rd Ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing

About the Author

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This Or That????????????????????

chocolate or vanilla
strawberry or grape
dogs or cats
friends or aqquaintances
love or lust
looks or personality
internet or tv
mp3 or cd
movie or series
cartoons or reality
myspace or livejournal
cows or horses
coke or pepsi
sprite or 7up
milk or fruit juice
Touzourz oh thanks..but you forgot to answer my Q!!
Red:
dogs
aqquaintances
love
personality
tv
cd
movie
reality
myspace
horses
coke
sprite
fruit juice

You asked similar Q 2-3 months ago...
Chocholate...mmm...
strawberry
dogs,cats are bad...
friends
love
looks comes 1st,then personality...
net
mp3
movies but there are good series too..
reality
neither
horses
Coca-Cola
7up,though those 2 are very simular
milk.....lot of milk

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