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Astronomy refers to the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena. Literally translated, astronomy means “law of the stars.” Astronomers use a variety of methods and tools to study features of the universe beyond Earth’s atmosphere. They use this knowledge to predict future celestial events, suggest new technologies, and understand our universe as a whole.

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Astronomy has been studied for centuries. It was necessary for the development of navigational techniques, calendars, and other societal creations. Astronomy was also a vital component of many religious belief systems. Most early astronomy focused on mapping the position of the stars and planets. However, few notable discoveries were made prior to the invention of the telescope. Once this tool was developed and implemented, famous astronomers such as Galileo Galilei and Niccolaus Copernicus were able to make their profound discoveries regarding planetary motions. Since then, the telescope and other instruments have made more advanced astronomical study possible.

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Astronomers focus their research on a variety of different topics and seek to answer numerous questions regarding our universe. One pressing question is “what is the ultimate fate of the universe?” Some believe the universe will continue to expand until it reaches a point where it cannot properly distribute temperature to sustain any life. Others contend the universe will eventually contract. The inevitable result of this would be a “Big Crunch,” which is essentially the inverse of the “Big Bang.” Thankfully, neither scenario will occur for countless millennia. Other pressing questions studied by astronomers are: “does extraterrestrial life exist?” and “how t celestial phenomena impact the universe?”

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Observation is the key method of study for astronomers. Using a variety of modern, powerful telescopes, today’s astronomers can view celestial phenomena thousands of light-years away. However, astronomy goes beyond visual observations. Its study also entails the observation of non-visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. For example, molecular gasses can be studied using infrared astronomy.

Similarly, nebulae and supernovas are generally observed using ultraviolet measurements. In addition to direct observations, astronomers rely upon theoretical models to simulate celestial phenomena. These can help researchers discover possible effects of various astronomical events. For example, models can show how a black hole might disrupt a galaxy.